References to Support Wheelchair Prescription

 

SEAT ELEVATORS

TILT IN SPACE, BACK RECLINE, & ELEVATING LEGRESTS

ULTRALIGHTWEIGHT MANUAL WHEELCHAIRS

AMBULATION VERSUS WHEELED MOBILITY

PASSIVE STANDING – FUNCTION & PHYSIOLOGY

 

 

 

SEAT ELEVATORS

 

  1. Wang YT, Kim CK, Ford HT, Ford HT, Jr. Reaction force and EMG analyses of wheelchair transfers. Perceptual & Motor Skills 1994; 79(2):763-766.

·        An evaluation of upper extremity forces during wheelchair transfers with six able-bodied males. 

 

  1. Rodosky MW, Andriacchi TP, Andersson GB.  The influence of chair height on lower limb mechanics during rising.  J Orthop Res 1989; 7: 266-271. 

·        A study evaluating lower limb mechanics in young adult subjects when rising from a seated position. 

 

  1. Edlich RF, Heather CL, Galumbeck MH. Revolutionary advances in adaptive seating systems for the elderly and persons with disabilities that assist sit-to-stand transfers. J Long Term Eff Med Implants 2003; 13: 31-39.

·        A descriptive review of literature and innovation in the design of wheelchair seat-elevating devices and their benefit to facilitate sit-to-stand performance. 

 

  1. Burdett RG, Habasevich R, Pisciotta J, Simon SR. Biomechanical comparison of rising from two types of chairs. Phys Ther 1985; 65: 1177-1183.

·        A clinical study that compared the joint moments and ranges of motion between 10 able bodied participants and 4 participants with lower extremity disabilities during rising from a standard chair with a seat height of 0.43 m and a specially designed chair with a seat height of 0.64m. 

 

  1. Janssen WG, Bussmann HB, Stam HJ.  Determinants of the sit-to-stand movement: a review. Phys Ther 2002; 82: 866-879.

·        A systematic review and description of movements that influence performance in the sit to stand transfer process. 

 

  1. Brattstrom M, Brattstrom H, Eklof M, Fredstrom J.  The rheumatoid patient in need of a wheelchair.  Scand J Rehabil Med 1981; 13: 39-43.

·        A study of 40 severely disabled participants with knee arthritis who use wheelchairs. 

 

  1. Weiner DK, Long R, Hughes MA, Chandler J, Studenski S.  When older adults face the chair-rise challenge. A study of chair height availability and height-modified chair-rise performance in the elderly.  J Am Geriatr Soc 1993; 41: 6-10.

·        A survey and cross-sectional descriptive study of chair-rise ability to define the range of community seating heights available for use by older adults and to test whether raising the chair height by small increments facilitates greater chair-rise performance in which augmenting seat height by small increments does facilitate chair rise performance 

 

  1. Alexander NB, Gross MM, Medell JL, Hofmeyer MR. Effects of functional ability and training on chair-rise biomechanics in older adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2001; 56: 538-547.

·        A comparison study of 16 trained able-bodied participants compared to a control group of 14 non-trained able-bodied participants relative to biomechanics of rise performance during chair-rise tasks. 

 

  1. Safford PL, Arbitman DC: Developmental Intervention with Young Handicapped Children. Springfield, IL, Charles C. Thomas, 1975.

·        A clinically focused book describing the developmental stages of young children.

 

TILT IN SPACE, BACK RECLINE, & ELEVATING LEGRESTS

 

  1. Abu-Own, A., Scurr, J. H., & Coleridge Smith, P. D. (1994). Effect of leg elevation on the skin microcirculation in chronic venous insufficiency. J Vasc Surg, 20(5), 705-710.

  2. Adams, M., & Hutton, W. (1983). The effect of posture on the fluid content of lumbar intervertebral discs. Spine, 8(6), 665-671.

  3. Adams, M., & Hutton, W. (1985). The effect of posture on the lumbar spine. Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery, British Volume, 67(4), 625-629.

  4. Aissaoui, R., Heydar, S., Dansereau, J., & Lacoste, M. (2000). Biomechanical analysis of legrest support of occupied wheelchairs: comparison between a conventional and a compensatory legrest. IEEE Trans Rehabil Eng, 8(1), 140-148.

  5. Aissaoui, R., Kauffmann, C., Dansereau, J., & de Guise, J. A. (2001). Analysis of pressure distribution at the body-seat interface in able-bodied and paraplegic subjects using a deformable active contour algorithm. Med Eng Phys, 23(6), 359-367.

  6. Aissaoui, R., Lacoste, M., & Dansereau, J. (2001). Analysis of sliding and pressure distribution during a repositioning of persons in a simulator chair. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng, 9(2), 215-224.

·Descriptive study design with 10 AB (able-bodied) subjects measuring STA (seat-tilt Angle) and SBA (seat to back  angle) with respect to mean and peak pressure  

  1. Andersson, G. B., Murphy, R. W., Ortengren, R., & Nachemson, A. L. (1979). The influence of backrest inclination and lumbar support on lumbar lordosis. Spine, 4(1), 52-58.

  2. Bayley, J. C., Cochran, T. P., & Sledge, C. B. (1987). The weight-bearing shoulder. The impingement syndrome in paraplegics. J Bone Joint Surg Am, 69(5), 676-678.

  3. Bendix, T., & Biering-Sorensen, F. (1983). Posture of the trunk when sitting on forward inclining seats. Scand J Rehabil Med, 15(4), 197-203.

  4. Bennett, L., Kavner, D., Lee, B. K., & Trainor, F. A. (1979). Shear vs pressure as causative factors in skin blood flow occlusion. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 60(7), 309-314.

  5. Bhatnager, V., Drury, C. G., & Schiro, S. G. (1985). Posture, postural discomfort, and performance. Hum Factors, 27(2), 189-199.

  6. Branton, P. (1969). Sitting posture: proceedings of a symposium held in September 1958 at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology. In E. Grandjean (Ed.), (pp. 202-213). London: Taylor & Francis.

  7. Carlson, J. M., Payette, M. J., & Vervena, L. (1995). Seating Orthosis Design for Prevention of Decubitus Ulcers. Journal of Prosthetics and Orthotics, 7(2), 51-60.

  8. Coggrave, M. J., & Rose, L. S. (2003). A specialist seating assessment clinic: changing pressure relief practice. Spinal Cord, 41(12), 692-695.

  9. Cooper, D. (2004). A retrospective of three years of lateral tilt-in-space. Proceedings of the International Seating Symposium, 205-209.

  10. Cooper, R. A., Dvorznak, M. J., O'Connor, T. J., Boninger, M. L., & Jones, D. K. (1998). Braking electric-powered wheelchairs: effect of braking method, seatbelt, and legrests. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 79(10), 1244-1249.

  11. Davies, A., De Souza, L. H., & Frank, A. O. (2003). Changes in the quality of life in severely disabled people following provision of powered indoor/outdoor chairs. Disabil Rehabil, 25(6), 286-290. 

  12. Dicianno, B. E., & Tovey, E. (2007). Power Mobility Device Provision: Understanding Medicare Guidelines and Advocating for Clients. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 88(6), 807-816. 

  13. de Looze, M. P., Kuijt-Evers, L. F., & van Dieen, J. (2003). Sitting comfort and discomfort and the relationships with objective measures. Ergonomics, 46(10), 985-997.

  14. Edlich, R. F., Heather, C. L., & Galumbeck, M. H. (2003). Revolutionary advances in adaptive seating systems for the elderly and persons with disabilities that assist sit-to-stand transfers. J Long Term Eff Med Implants, 13(1), 31-39.

  15. Edlich, R. F., Winters, K. L., Woodard, C. R., Buschbacher, R. M., Long, W. B., Gebhart, J. H., et al. (2004). Pressure ulcer prevention. J Long Term Eff Med Implants, 14(4), 285-304.

  16. Engstrom, B. (1993). Chapter 2: Fundamental seating principles, correcting the trunk. In Ergonomic seating, a true challenge. http://www.posturalis.se/eng/EngView.pdf (pp. 58-67): Posturalis Books.

  17. Gilsdorf, P., Patterson, R., Fisher, S., & Appel, N. (1990). Sitting forces and wheelchair mechanics. J Rehabil Res Dev, 27(3), 239-246.

  1. Goossens, R. H., Teeuw, R., & Snijders, C. J. (2005). Sensitivity for pressure difference on the ischial tuberosity. Ergonomics, 48(7), 895-902.

  2. Graf, M., Guggenbuhl, H., & Kreuger, H. (1991). Movement dynamics of sitting behaviour during different activities. In Y. Queinnec & F. Daniellou (Eds.), Designing for Everyone; Proc. 11th Congress of the International Ergonomics Association (pp. 15-17). London: Taylor and Francis.

  3. Grandjean, E., Hunting, W., & Pidermann, M. (1983). VDT workstation design: preferred settings and their effects. Hum Factors, 25(2), 161-175.

  4. Gyi, D. E., & Porter, J. M. (1998). Musculoskeletal problems and driving in police officers. Occup Med (Lond), 48(3), 153-160.

  5. Gyi, D. E., & Porter, J. M. (1999). Interface pressure and the prediction of car seat discomfort. Appl Ergon, 30(2), 99-107.

  6. Henderson, J. L., Price, S. H., Brandstater, M. E., & Mandac, B. R. (1994). Efficacy of three measures to relieve pressure in seated persons with spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 75(5), 535-539.

  7. Hobson, D. A. (1992). Comparative effects of posture on pressure and shear at the body-seat interface. J Rehabil Res Dev, 29(4), 21-31.

·        Descriptive study design with 22 subjects evaluated by  9 wheelchair sitting postures with respect to pressure and shear measurements

  1. Holm, S., & Nachemson, A. (1983). Variations in the nutrition of the canine intervertebral disc induced by motion. Spine, 8(8), 866-874.

  2. Janssen-Potten, Y. J., Seelen, H. A., Drukker, J., Spaans, F., & Drost, M. R. (2002). The effect of footrests on sitting balance in paraplegic subjects. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 83(5), 642-648.

  3. Keegan, J. (1953). Alterations of the lumbar curve related to posture and seating. The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, 35(3), 589.

  4. Kinzer, S. M., & Convertino, V. A. (1989). Role of leg vasculature in the cardiovascular response to arm work in wheelchair-dependent populations. Clin Physiol, 9(6), 525-533.

  5. Kolich, M. (2003). Automobile seat comfort: occupant preferences vs. anthropometric accommodation. Appl Ergon, 34(2), 177-184.

  6. Koo, T. K., Mak, A. F., & Lee, Y. L. (1996). Posture effect on seating interface biomechanics: comparison between two seating cushions. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 77(1), 40-47.

  7. Kosiak, M. (1959). Etiology and pathology of ischemic ulcers. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 40(2), 62-69.

  8. Kosiak, M. (1961). Etiology of decubitus ulcers. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 42, 19-29.

  9. Kreutz, D. (1997). Power tilt, recline or both. Team Rehab Report, March, 29-32.

  10. Kroemar, R. (1994). Sitting at the computer workplace.  Hard facts about soft machines.  The ergonomics of sitting. In R. Leuder & K. Noro (Eds.), (pp. 181-191). London: Taylor and Francis.

  11. Kumar, S. (2004). Ergonomics and biology of spinal rotation. Ergonomics, 47(4), 370-415.

  12. Lacoste, M., Weiss-Lambrou, R., Allard, M., & Dansereau, J. (2003). Powered tilt/recline systems: why and how are they used? Assist Technol, 15(1), 58-68.

·        Descriptive cross section study design with 40 subjects, a literature review& 2 focus groups evaluated by questionnaire

  1. Landis, E. (1930). Micro-injection studies of capillary blood pressure in human skin. Heart, 15, 209-228.

  2. Lange, M. (2000a). Tilt and recline systems. OT Practice, May 8, 21-22.

  3. Lange, M. (2000b). Tilt in space versus recline: new trends in an old debate. Technology Special Interest Quarterly, American Occupational Therapy Assoc.

  1. Lange, M. (2006). Positioning: it's all in the angles. Advance for Occupational Therapy Practitioners, March.

  2. Lueder, R. (2005). Ergonomics Review. http://www.humanics-es.com/ergonomics_movement.htm.

  3. Nachemson, A. (1981). Disc pressure measurements. Spine, 6(1), 93-97.

  4. Nwaobi, O. M. (1987). Seating orientations and upper extremity function in children with cerebral palsy. Phys Ther, 67(8), 1209-1212.

  • Clinical randomized controlled trial with thirteen participants tested in different seating orientations

  1. O'Brien, J. G., Chennubhotla, S. A., & Chennubhotla, R. V. (2005). Treatment of edema. Am Fam Physician, 71(11), 2111-2117.

  2. Paralyzed Veterans of America.  Pressure ulcer prevention and treatment following spinal cord injury: a clinical practice guideline for health care professionals. (2000). Consortium for Spinal Cord Medicine Clinical Practice Guidelines. http://www.pva.org/site/DocServer/PU.pdf?docID=688.  Accessed May 21, 2007., 59.

  3. Pellow, T. R. (1999). A comparison of interface pressure readings to wheelchair cushions and positioning: a pilot study. Can J Occup Ther, 66(3), 140-149.

  •  Descriptive study design with two subjects measuring tilt-in-space, and recline angles with respect to pressure readings

  1. Pfaff, K. (1993). Recline and tilt: making the right match. Team Rehab Report, October, 23-27.

  2. Porter, J. M., & Gyi, D. E. (2002). The prevalence of musculoskeletal troubles among car drivers. Occup Med (Lond), 52(1), 4-12.

  3. Porter, J. M., Gyi, D. E., & Tait, H. A. (2003). Interface pressure data and the prediction of driver discomfort in road trials. Appl Ergon, 34(3), 207-214.

  4. Reinecke, S., Bevins, T., Weisman, J., Krag, M., & Pope, M. (1985). The Relationship between Seating Postures and Low Back Pain. Rehabilitation Engineering Society of North America. 8 thAnnual Conference, Memphis, TN.

  5. Reinecke, S. M., Hazard, R. G., & Coleman, K. (1994). Continuous passive motion in seating: a new strategy against low back pain. J Spinal Disord, 7(1), 29-35.

  6. Reyes, M. L., Gronley, J. K., Newsam, C. J., Mulroy, S. J., & Perry, J. (1995). Electromyographic analysis of shoulder muscles of men with low-level paraplegia during a weight relief raise. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 76(5), 433-439.

  7. Sommerfreund, J., & Masse, M. (1995). Combining tilt and recline. Team Rehab Report, 18-20.

  8. Sprigle, S. (2000). Prescribing pressure ulcer treatment. Rehab Manag, 13(5), 72-77.

  9. Spigle, S & Sposato, B. Physioloigic Effects and design considerations of tilt-and-recline wheelchairs. Orthopaedic Physical Therapy Clinics of North America 1997; 6: 99-121. 

· Clinical practice paper that correlates with reputable authors for references.

  1. Sprigle, S., Dunlop, W., & Press, L. (2003). Reliability of bench tests of interface pressure. Assist Technol, 15(1), 49-57.

  2. Stinson, M. D., Porter-Armstrong, A., & Eakin, P. (2003). Seat-interface pressure: a pilot study of the relationship to gender, body mass index, and seating position. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 84(3), 405-409.

  3. Ten Harkel, A. D., Van Lieshout, J. J., & Wieling, W. (1992). Treatment of orthostatic hypotension with sleeping in the head-up tilt position, alone and in combination with fludrocortisone. J Intern Med, 232(2), 139-145.

  4. Trail, M., Nelson, N., Van, J. N., Appel, S. H., & Lai, E. C. (2001). Wheelchair use by patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a survey of user characteristics and selection preferences. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 82(1), 98-102.

  5. Trefler, E., Fitzgerald, S. G., Hobson, D. A., Bursick, T., & Joseph, R. (2004). Outcomes of wheelchair systems intervention with residents of long-term care facilities. Assist Technol, 16(1), 18-27.

  6. Vaisbuch, N., Meyer, S., & Weiss, P. L. (2000). Effect of seated posture on interface pressure in children who are able-bodied and who have myelomeningocele. Disabil Rehabil, 22(17), 749-755.

 

 

ULTRALIGHTWEIGHT MANUAL WHEELCHAIRS

  1. Fitzgerald, S.G., Cooper, R.A., Boninger, M.L., & Rentschler, A.J. (2001).  Comparison of fatigue life for 3 types of manual wheelchairs.  Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 82(10). 1484-1488.

·        Fatigue and life cycle analysis of  ultralightweight, lightweight,                                  

                and standard manual  wheelchairs  tested according to the 

               International Organization for Standardization (ISO).

  1. Cooper, R.A., Boninger, M.L., & Rentschler, A. (1999). Evaluation of selected ultralight manual wheelchairs using ANSI/RESNA standards.  Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 80(4). 462-467.

·        ANSI/RESNA testing and analysis of four manual  wheelchair

              models from different manufacturers to compare durability, 

              strength, stability, and cost effectiveness. 

  1. Boninger, M.L., Baldwin, M., Cooper, R.A., Koontz, A. & Chan, L. (2000).  Manual wheelchair pushrim biomechanics and axle position.  Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 81(5). 608-613.

·        A case series of 40 individuals with paraplegia to determine

               the effect of rear axle position on pushrim biomechanics.

  1. Boninger, M.L., Cooper, R.A., Baldwin, M., Shimada, S.D. & Koontz, A.  (1999).  Wheelchair pushrim kinetics: Body weight and median nerve function.  Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 80(8). 910-5.

·        A case series of 34 individuals with paraplegia to determine

               the relationship between body weight and median nerve

              function.

  1. Beekman, C. E., Miller-Porter, L., & Schoneberger, M. (1999). Energy cost of propulsion in standard and ultralight wheelchairs in people with spinal cord injuries. Physical Therapy, 79, 146-58

·        A clinical trial of 74 subjects (30 tetraplegia & 44 paraplegia) to

                compare wheelchair propulsion in ultralight and standard

                wheelchairs where it was found ultralight wheelchair improved

               propulsion efficiency. 

  1. Cooper, R. A., Robertson, R. N., Lawrence, B., Heil, T., Albright, S. J., VanSickle, D. P., & Gonzalez, J. (1996). Life-cycle analysis of depot versus rehabilitation manual wheelchairs. J.Rehabil.Res.Dev., 33, 45-55.

·        A comparison study of fatigue test results for common depot

                versus common rehabilitation manual wheelchairs.

 

  1. Cooper, R. A., Gonzalez, J., Lawrence, B., Renschler, A., Boninger, M. L., & VanSickle, D. P. (1997). Performance of selected lightweight wheelchairs on ANSI/RESNA tests. American National Standards Institute-Rehabilitation Engineering and Assistive Technology Society of North America. Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 78, 1138-44.

·        Analysis of ANSI/RESNA testing of three models of lightweight

                manual wheelchairs from different manufacturers showing

                     they are substantially similar in their durability and fatigue life

                     and significantly lower in quality than rehabilitation

                     wheelchairs. 

 

  1. Brubaker, C. E. (1986). Wheelchair prescription: An analysis of factors that affect mobility and performance. Journal of Rehabilitation Research & Development, 23, 19-26.

·        An analysis that optimal wheelchair performance is related to

               the user position relative to wheel axle position. 

 

  1. Hughes, C. J., Weimar, W. H., Sheth, P. N., & Brubaker, C. E. (1992). Biomechanics of wheelchair propulsion as a function of seat position and user-to-chair interface. Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 73, 263-9.

·        An analysis of 9 able-bodied people and 6 people with

                paraplegia that compared the effects of seat position on

                propulsion biomechanics of lever operated and hand-rim

                propelled manual wheelchairs.  Findings indicated seat 

                position greatly effect joint range of motion in handrim

                propulsion.

 

  1. Masse, L. C., Lamontagne, M., & O'Riain, M. D. (1992). Biomechanical analysis of wheelchair propulsion for various seating positions. Journal of Rehabilitation Research & Development, 29, 12-28.

·        A kinematic analysis of 5 males with paraplegia to investigate                             

                propulsion patterns in six different seating positions.

 

  1. van der Woude, L. H. V., Veeger, D. J., Rozendal, R. H., & Sargeant, T. J. (1989).  Seat height in handrim wheelchair propulsion. Journal of Rehabilitation Research & Development, 26, 31-50.

·        A study of 9 able-bodied people to determine the effects of        

                seat height on the cardiorespiratory system and kinematics of

               handrim wheelchair propulsion. Results showed an

              interrelationship between wheelchair seat height in both

             cardiorespiratory and kinematic parameters. 

 

AMBULATION VERSUS WHEELED MOBILITY

 

  1. Bernardi, M., Canale, I., Castellano, V., Di Filippo, L., Felici, F., & Marchetti, M. (1995). The efficiency of walking of paraplegic patients using a reciprocating gait orthosis. Paraplegia, 33(7), 409-415.

 

  1. Bottos, M., C. Bolcati, et al. (2001). Powered wheelchairs and independence in young children with tetraplegia. Dev Med Child Neurol 43(11): 769-77.

 

  1. Breed, A. L., & Ibler, I. (1982). The motorized wheelchair: new freedom, new responsibility and new problems. Dev Med Child Neurol, 24(3), 366-371.

 

  1. Buning, M. E., Angelo, J. A., & Schmeler, M. R. (2001). Occupational performance and the transition to powered mobility: a pilot study. Am J Occup Ther, 55(3), 339-344.

 

  1. Butler, C. (1986). Effects of powered mobility on self-initiated behaviors of very young children with locomotor disability. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 28(3), 325-332.

 

  1. Butler, C., Okamoto, G. A., & McKay, T. M. (1983). Powered mobility for very young disabled children. Dev Med Child Neurol, 25(4), 472-474.

 

 

  1. Butler, C., Okamoto, G. A., & McKay, T. M. (1984). Motorized wheelchair driving by disabled children. Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 65(2), 95-97.

 

  1. Chase, J., & Bailey, D. M. (1990). Evaluating the potential for powered mobility. Am J Occup Ther, 44(12), 1125-1129.

 

 

  1. Chiulli, C., Corradi-Scalise, D., & Donatelli-Schultheiss, L. (1988). Powered mobility vehicles as aids in independent locomotion for young children. Suggestion from the field. Phys Ther, 68(6), 997-999.

 

  1. Cooper, D. M., Weiler-Ravell, D., Whipp, B. J., & Wasserman, K. (1984). Growth-related changes in oxygen uptake and heart rate during progressive exercise in children. Pediatr Res, 18(9), 845-851.

 

  1. Deitz, J., Swinth, Y., & White, O. (2002). Powered mobility and preschoolers with complex developmental delays. Am J Occup Ther, 56(1), 86-96.

 

  1. Douglas, J., & Ryan, M. (1987). A preschool severely disabled boy and his powered wheelchair: a case study. Child Care Health Dev, 13(5), 303-309.

 

  1. Duffy, C. M., Hill, A. E., Cosgrove, A. P., Corry, I. S., & Graham, H. K. (1996). Energy consumption in children with spina bifida and cerebral palsy: a comparative study. Dev Med Child Neurol, 38(3), 238-243.

 

  1. Evans, E. P., & Tew, B. (1981). The energy expenditure of spina bifida children during walking and wheelchair ambulation. Z Kinderchir, 34(4), 425-427.

 

  1. Evans, R. (2000). The effect of electrically powered indoor/outdoor wheelchairs on occupation: a study of users' views. British Journal of Occupational Therapy, 63(11), 547-553.

 

  1. Fehr, L., Langbein, W. E., & Skaar, S. B. (2000). Adequacy of power wheelchair control interfaces for persons with severe disabilities: a clinical survey. J Rehabil Res Dev, 37(3), 353-360.

 

  1. Findley, T. W., & Agre, J. C. (1988). Ambulation in the adolescent with spina bifida. II. Oxygen cost of mobility. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 69(10), 855-861.

 

  1. Grimby, G. (1983). On the energy cost of achieving mobility. Scand J Rehabil Med Suppl, 9, 49-54.

 

  1. Hash, D. (1978). Energetics of wheelchair propulsion and walking in stroke patients. Orthop Clin North Am, 9(2), 372-374.

 

  1. Luna-Reyes, O. B., Reyes, T. M., So, F. Y., Matti, B. M., & Lardizabal, A. A. (1988). Energy cost of ambulation in healthy and disabled Filipino children. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 69(11), 946-949.

 

  1. Miles-Tapping, C. (1996). Power wheelchairs and independent lifestyles. Canadian Journal of Rehabilitation, 10(2), 137-145.

 

  1. Miles-Tapping, C., & MacDonald, L. (1994). Lifestyle implications of power mobility. Physical & Occupational Therapy in Geriatrics, 12(4), 31-49.

 

  1. Nene, A. V., Evans, G. A., & Patrick, J. H. (1993). Simultaneous multiple operations for spastic diplegia. Outcome and functional assessment of walking in 18 patients. J Bone Joint Surg Br, 75(3), 488-494.

 

  1. Robinson, A., & Anderson, L. (1989). Use of the wheelchair in encouraging mobility. Oncol Nurs Forum, 16(1), 106.

 

  1. Rose, J., Gamble, J. G., Burgos, A., Medeiros, J., & Haskell, W. L. (1990). Energy expenditure index of walking for normal children and for children with cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol, 32(4), 333-340.

 

  1. Tefft, D., Guerette, P., & Furumasu, J. (1999). Cognitive predictors of young children's readiness for powered mobility. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 41(10), 665-670.

 

  1. Warren, C. G. (1990). Powered mobility and its implications. J Rehabil Res Dev Clin Suppl(2), 74-85.

 

  1. Waters, R. L., Hislop, H. J., Perry, J., Thomas, L., & Campbell, J. (1983). Comparative cost of walking in young and old adults. J Orthop Res, 1(1), 73-76.

 

  1. Waters, R. L., Hislop, H. J., Thomas, L., & Campbell, J. (1983). Energy cost of walking in normal children and teenagers. Dev Med Child Neurol, 25(2), 184-188.

 

  1. Waters, R. L., & Mulroy, S. (1999). The energy expenditure of normal and pathologic gait. Gait Posture, 9(3), 207-231.

 

  1. Wiart, L., & Darrah, J. (2002). Changing philosophical perspectives on the management of children with physical disabilities--their effect on the use of powered mobility. Disability & Rehabilitation, 24(9), 492-498.

 

  1. Williams, L. O., Anderson, A. D., Campbell, J., Thomas, L., Feiwell, E., & Walker, J. M. (1983). Energy cost of walking and of wheelchair propulsion by children with myelodysplasia: comparison with normal children. Dev Med Child Neurol, 25(5), 617-624. 

 

 

PASSIVE STANDING – FUNCTION & PHYSIOLOGY

 

  1. Dunn, R. B., Walter, J. S., Lucero, Y., Weaver, F., Langbein, E., Fehr, L., Johnson, P., & Riedy, L. (1998). Follow-up assessment of standing mobility device users. Assist Technol, 10(2), 84-93.

 

  1. Eng JJ. Levins SM. Townson AF. Mah-Jones D. Bremner J. Huston G. Use of prolonged standing for individuals with spinal cord injuries. Physical Therapy. 81(8):1392-9, 2001 Aug.
  2. Walter JS. Sola PG. Sacks J. Lucero Y. Langbein E. Weaver F. Indications for a home standing program for individuals with spinal cord injury. Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine. 22(3):152-8, 1999 Fall.

 

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